Introduction:
Eye cancer, also known as ocular cancer, refers to the development of malignant tumors within the structures of the eye. While eye cancers are relatively rare compared to other forms of cancer, they can have severe implications on vision and overall eye health. We aim to provide an overview of common to rarest eye cancers, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Retinoblastoma:
Cause: Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer that primarily affects young children. It is caused by genetic mutations in the cells of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.
Symptoms: Leukocoria (white pupil), strabismus (crossed or misaligned eyes), poor vision, and eye redness or swelling.
Diagnosis: Dilated eye examination, imaging tests (ultrasound, MRI, or CT scan), and genetic testing.
Treatment: Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, laser therapy, and surgical removal of the affected eye (enucleation).
Melanoma of the Eye:
Choroidal Melanoma:
Cause: Choroidal Melanoma can develop in various parts of the eye, including the uvea (iris, ciliary body, and choroid). The exact cause is unknown, but factors like fair skin, light eye color, and excessive UV exposure may increase the risk.
Symptoms: Changes in the appearance of the iris, blurred vision, floaters, visual field loss, and eye pain.
Diagnosis: Dilated eye examination, ocular ultrasound, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and biopsy.
Treatment: Treatment options depend on the location and size of the tumor. They may include surgery, radiation therapy (brachytherapy or proton beam therapy), and in some cases, enucleation.
Iris/Ciliary Body Melanoma:
Cause: Iris/ciliary body melanoma is a rare type of eye cancer that affects the iris and ciliary body, which are part of the uvea. The exact cause is unknown, but genetic factors and excessive UV exposure may contribute.
Symptoms: Changes in iris color, blurred vision, floaters, and eye pain.
Diagnosis: Dilated eye examination, ocular ultrasound, fluorescein angiography, and biopsy.
Treatment: Treatment options depend on the size and location of the tumor and may include surgery, radiation therapy, and sometimes enucleation.
Conjunctival Cancer:
Cause: Conjunctival cancer usually develops from the thin, transparent membrane (conjunctiva) covering the white part of the eye. Risk factors include prolonged exposure to sunlight, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and certain genetic conditions.
Symptoms: Persistent redness, irritation, a visible growth on the conjunctiva, excessive tearing, and changes in vision.
Diagnosis: Eye examination, biopsy, and sometimes imaging tests such as MRI or CT scan.
Treatment: Treatment options may include surgical excision, cryotherapy, chemotherapy eye drops, and radiation therapy.
Eyelid Carcinoma:
Cause: Eyelid carcinoma refers to cancerous growths that develop on the eyelids. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, fair skin, older age, and a history of chronic inflammation or previous radiation therapy are considered risk factors.
Symptoms: A persistent lump or thickening on the eyelid, ulceration, changes in eyelid position, loss of eyelashes, and itching or burning sensation.
Diagnosis: Physical examination, biopsy, and occasionally imaging tests like ultrasound or MRI.
Treatment: Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the carcinoma and may include surgical excision, Mohs surgery, cryotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Lacrimal Gland Tumor:
Cause: Lacrimal gland tumors originate in the lacrimal gland, which produces tears. The exact cause is unknown, but they can occur at any age.
Symptoms: A painless mass or swelling in the upper outer corner of the eye, watering of the eye, double vision, and eye discomfort.
Diagnosis: Eye examination, imaging tests (MRI or CT scan), and biopsy.
Treatment: Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and occasionally chemotherapy
Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma:
Cause: Orbital sarcomas are rare cancers that develop in the soft tissues of the orbit, which houses the eye. The exact cause is unknown, but genetic factors and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation may play a role.
Symptoms: Bulging or protrusion of the eye, vision changes, eye pain, double vision, and eyelid swelling.
Diagnosis: Imaging tests (MRI or CT scan), biopsy, and sometimes additional tests like angiography or bone scan.
Treatment: Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Conclusion:
While eye cancers are relatively rare, they can significantly impact vision and overall eye health.
Recognising the signs and symptoms of eye cancer is crucial for early detection and prompt treatment.
If you experience any persistent or concerning changes in your vision or eye health, it is essential to consult an eye care professional.
Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment offer the best chances for successful management of eye cancers and preservation of vision.
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